Compare the ways in which language is used for effect in the two texts. Give some examples and analyse the effects Essay Example for Free

equal the ways in which language is utilise for force-out in the two texts. Give some examples and disassemble the effects EssayThe two get-gos that I am going to compare are Source 3 and Source 2. Source 2 is an article aimed for anyone who is interested in blowming or even slew who like to read nearly incredible accomplishments made by other people. The text is formal and is most Philippe Croizon who in 2 years learnt to swim without his limbs. He lost of altogether of his limbs in 1994 while he was removing a television antenna from a roof and it hit a power line. However source 3 is a book extract aimed at adults who like reading about geography in general.The text is formal and is about Christopher Ondaatje who crosses part of Lake Victoria. On his journey there he talks about the spectacular first light he sees behind Mwanza. He also talks about the experience with ferryboat rides and the past experience about one of those ferries going down(p) just outside Mwa nza and that people were killed. In comparison with source 3, source 2 is a happier and also more exciting and the reader feels more drawn to the fact that after 16 years after losing all of his limbs, Philippe Croizon crosses Channel than the fact that in source 3 the story is taken more calmly and less exciting to be winning a ferry across the lake.Furthermore, in source 2 the contrast amongst the fact that the man, 2 years ago could barely swim at all and him saying after the channel swim I did it. Im so happy is evocative. Moreover, this shows that despite the fact that he lost all of his limbs, he could still do something incredible which occurs at the beginning of the article, engaging the reader and setting a tone of excitement and most of all pride. However in source 3, there are unaccompanied a few evocative moments in the extract the fish eagles screeched their mocking cry, spectacular sunrise. However none of which express excitement or pride.The difference in langua ge used for effect is that in source 3, short sentences are employed to enhance meaning and effect an idyllic staining, no other sounds, spectacular sunrise, the alliteration of the s add an emphasis to the experience of them expression at the sunrise and the reader is able to emphasise with them. However in source 2, the language used is that alliteration occurs with treacherous tides sofa sportsman for emphasis just like in source 3, and engagement. Moreover, the similarities between these 2 sources is that they both(prenominal) have an element of drama in the texts. In source 3, we are unexpended with not knowing if they make it across the lake in the ferry because a year earlier, one of these ferries went down just outside Mwanza, and people were killed this makes the reader shocked and eager to carry on reading.However in source 2, the element of drama is when the text explains how the man lost all of his limbs, Mr Croizons legs and lower harness were amputated after he su ffered a calamitous electric shock while removing a television aerial from a roof in 1994 when it hit a power line. This leaves the reader with the unanswered doubt of how did he manage to do it, which leads into wanting to read the rest of the text. The language used in both texts is formal. The reader is able to read with ease as the texts are informative. In source 2 an fairish channel swimmer takes around eight hours, 21 miles from Folkestone to the French coast. In source 3 Mwanza, a vibrant African city, the people pressed up against the front of the ferry, along the sides and against the running

Red Hook district in New York Essay Example for Free

ruby-red Hook district in New York EssayA view from the Bridge is a persist set in the Red Hook district in New York. The main theme that this explores is the routine of Masculinity in the household and its affects. This play is mainly structured around feud between virility and jealousy that divides a family. This play is in addition about the misunderstanding of feelings and thoughts and how they might d produce to undesirable flaws in the human character and hostile conflict that end in miserable circumstances.Eddie, the protagonist is second extension Italian who has curtain views on maleness, which can non be ignored, be anyone or it will lead into a whorl anger and jealousy. Eddie has curiously strong on views on how women should act and how they should act. A good example of this is habituated to the audience in the way that Eddie reaction to Catherine having a relationship with Rodolfo. When Eddie deals in Marco and Rodolfo he contradicts his views and feelings toward the community, in this Eddie also gets into a confrontation with Marco in which gutsing down would be a sign of weakness this lead in the end to his untimely demise.Eddie reacts with both anger and jealousy, which he tries to hide behind a fortress of over-protectiveness, in which he tries to accuse Rodolfo of firstly analyzeing to gain an the Statesn passport and so Eddie attacks Rodolfos masculinity, especially when he teaches Rodolfo how to fight (sarcastically). Eddie has obvious mixed feeling about Catherine so he feels jealous, but this does not only mean a bad thing considering that he is thinking that he is protecting her which shows his magnanimousness in looking after the family, even though this does not condole his actions toward Rodolfo but this shows that Eddie cannot deal with his horny side.Rodolfo and Marco arrive in the States as il statutory immigrants and stay at Eddies house because they are Beatrices cousins. Rodolfo then falls madly in love with Eddies niece Catherine who is also in love with him. This causes Eddie to feels challenged because Rodolfo is more virile and has a larger world of interests. This is in all respects a competition for Catherine and her affection. Another factor that coiffes Eddie qualm Rodolfo is that Rodolfo does not live up to Eddies views on masculinity. Rodolfo can cook, he is a tailor, he can sing, he likes films and Eddie feels that all this is feminine so he thinks that Rodolfo is gay the guy aint right.Due to Eddies apprehension of Rodolfo scenes of tension take place such as the situation with when Catherine finally makes the decision to leave position so Eddie, because he cannot express his feelings toward Catherine and Rodolfo, kisses them. Both Marco and Rodolfo must speak with bad Italian accents. Rodolfo must book a weak confident voice that begs for attention.While Rodolfo cannot live up to Eddies rigorous standard on masculinity Marco can. Marco is both strong, as Mike says, hes a regular bull, and loyal to his family in both going to America to work for them and affirming his wife on her own. Marco is extremely loyal to his brother especially when he tells Eddie to back off when he lifts the chair while Eddie cannot.Eddie respect Marco and feels that Marco is a model to masculinity like himself. Marco fair(a) like Eddie has a sense of honor, which is explored in the play with the incident in which Marco spits into the face of Eddie. Marco does this because he feels that at that place has been an injustice done by Eddie in which Eddie tells the practice of law of Marco and Rodolfo, but also in the irony of what Eddie state and promised to what he did.Marco and Rodolfo treatment of women is far different from Eddie. Rodolfo treat women, as his equal while Eddie does not. Rodolfo does not try to manipulate the women in the play instead he helps them, he does this by giving advice and being confirmatory like what he tells Catherine after she asks him to t each her to be independent. dont cry any more. Marco has great respect and wonderment for his wife otherwise he would not have left her for a life in America all alone. Even though Eddie seems skeptical about her loyalty to Marco they count the kids and theres a couple extra, Marcos trust for his wife does not waver. In comparison to the brothers Eddie does all the opposite. First he has manipulated Catherine so much that she feels she has a duty toward him Then why dont she be a women? If I was a wife I wouldmake a man happy instead of goin at him all the time.A view from the bridge play twoSecondly Eddie does not even take into account what a woman has to say to him because he believes that he should be shown respect. When Beatrice tries to warn Eddie about his feelings but he practically hits her and storms off to get killed. Eddie. Eddie feels a sort of arrogance towards women like as if he is better due to his so-called superior manly characteristics he also must speak in br utish manor without a care for an answer.Alfieri is the vote counter of the play, he is also a lawyer which gains him a lot of respect in the area because he the symbol of the law of the land. Apart from narrating the play Alfieri plays a lead character in the play. When Eddie Carbone comes to ask for legal advice about how to handle Rodolfo, Alfieri notices, through Eddie expressing his feelings through actions, that the entire business is corrupt. Alfieri then tries to give advice to Eddie on how to bugger off and deal with this problem. Due to the fact that Alfieri has challenged Eddies views which drives Eddie mad so Alfireis advice ignored. Alfieri then Tells Eddie not to phone the police but he is then also ignored. These cases show the audience that Alfieri is intellectually smart and knows when trouble is brewing.I feel that Arthur Miller Contrasts the views of masculinity that different men have and how they conflict. Miller does this by putting Rodolfo and Eddie into be speak conflict. While Rodolfo can saw and sing which makes him gay in the eyes of Eddie, Eddie has no other expertness other than being a laborer. Arthur Miller shows that if men like Eddie do not start to evolve they will die out. Miller explores this through the rivalry between Eddie and Rodolfo where Eddie loses his life ironically to the same laws he had set on masculinity while Rodolfo lives on. I feel that Miller set this play specifically for people who do not understand their feelings. As the root of all this rivalry and anguish is rigorously set the shoulders of a man (Eddie) who cannot understand his feelings for his niece.

Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Somé Essay Example for Free

Of Water and the Spirit by Malidoma Patrice Som EssayWith Of Water and Spirit Malidoma Patrice slightly has written a very interesting, engaging autobiography in which he details his life as a gentleman lifetime amid two different lifestyles the traditional life of his multitude, the Dagara, who live in hobnailed Burkina Faso, the former French Colony known as the Upper Volta, and the life of a highly ameliorate African man with two PhDs who travels without the western nations writing, lecturing, and teaching some his people and their relationship between the normal world and the spirit world. According to nigh his first name Malidoma means be friends with the fantastical/enemy. The Dagara believe a persons name has an affect on the his life so they name their children something that will eternall(a)y remind them of their mission in life. approximately, then, is here in the West to tell the world about my people any way I can, and to take back to my people the know ledge I gain about this world (Some 1994, 1). Some was named Patrice when he was baptized by Jesuit priests at the insistence of his father who had reborn to Catholicism.The attitude of Some and the Dagara people is very interesting. Instead of feeling hatred against the white men who had colonise the verdant and basically enslaved the people while stealing their land and resources, the Dagara are concerned about all people, including the white people and are convinced that the West is as endangered as the indigenous cultures it has decimated in the name of colonialism (Some 1994, 1). They believe that western cultures abandonment of functional spiritual values has made the West heave with a sickness of the soul (Some 1994, 1).Some was basically kidnapped from his tribe at the age of four when he was taken away to study at the Jesuit shallow. At the time the Jesuits were trying create a native missionary force to help in converting the people of Upper Volta. Prior to being kidn apped Some had spent much of his childhood with his granddaddy, a great leader of the Dagara. His grandfather taught him many of the stories of the Dagara people, their spiritual beliefs, and their history.Somes grandfather emphasized the close spiritual relationship of the Dagara with the world, the land, and the spirits of their deceased ancestors. The Dagara believe there is an important corporation between an individual, his people, his land, and his god. Somes grandfather could not understand the Catholic Churchs attempts at missionary work throughout the world, . . . allow me tell you that a God who would send his people away from their land must be imbibition a very strong wine all the time (Some 1994, 29).At the time of his death, Somes grandfather told Some that the ancestors had designated Some to follow the white man so that you may serve as the eye of the compound, the pinna of your many brothers, and the mouth of your tribe (Some 1994, 40). Somes grandfather also t old him that he came back to the tribe he would face strange to the Dagara, he would only be part Dagara and would have to undergo the month long founding in the wilderness to become a member of the tribe. Somes time at the Jesuit school was unpleasant.The priests very much beat him while they were teaching him as if the beatings would reinforce the lessons and have him confirm to the Jesuit teachings. When he gradatory to the seminary school at Nansi he had similar experiences and often found that he lived outside of himself. He would make his thoughts go away from my body so that when the first blow fell, I he was not even informed of it (Some 1994, 114). Some resented the way he was treated and found himself rebelling against the method of instruction.This rebellion reached its climax when Some was cardinal and became involved in a physical altercation with one of the priests. During the struggle the priest fell through the window and landed in the dirt outside. Consequent ly, Some ran away from the school to consecrate to his plate. His journey home took him eleven days since he was forced to walk the entire way. Ironically, on his journey, Some learned that the country had gained its emancipation from France in 1960 and such forced schooling had come to an end.Since Some was about four- familys-old both when independence occurred and when he was taken away from his people to attend school, he could have returned to his people long ahead (Some 1994, 153 99-156). By the time he returned to his village, the Jesuit missionary priests on the hill were gone, although a day school still existed. at one time Some was in his home compound, he found he no longish fit it with his people. He had forgotten how to speak the language the village had changed with independence. His people were not comfortable with him there, nor was he comfortable with them.Consequently the elders decided he should undergo the Baor, the month long initiation, to quiet the whit e man in your soul . . . so that his soul would come back home and . . . stop being a stranger to yourself and to us (Some 1994, 178). Some describes his spiritual initiation in detail and tells how he was able to return to the Dagara. Once he had returned fully to the Dagara, Some found that he was again not comfortable living with his people because he had not yet completed his mission that his grandfather had told him about and that his ancestors had assigned him.Once again it became necessary to leave his people so the he might be friends with the stranger/enemy. This is what Some continues to do today through his writings and lecturing. However, he is careful to return to his home every year to make certain he reconnects with his home and people.BibliographySome, Malidoma Patrice. Of Water and the Spirit Ritual, Magic, and Initiation in the Life of an African Shaman. New York G. P. Putnams Sons, A Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam Book, 1994.

Chinese Business Essay Example for Free

Chinese Business try onIntroduction It is often argued that when c ar persons of opposite horti kitchen-gardenings negotiate commercial deals, in that location is bound to be a socialisation clash. I disagree with this view. It is true that cultural differences influence dividing line sector negotiations solely with the appropriate improvement to deal with the differences, culture clash is to be least expected in any caper negotiations, speci every last(predicate)y with the Chinese. As Sun Tzu would advised in his book The Art of War Know your enemy and screw yourself and you will win all battles (Sun Tzu 1913). According to Newstrom and Davis (2002) there ar some(prenominal) striking differences across countries, dear as there are some surprising similarities. Clearly, residents of each country apply their own chooseences for clothes, forage, recreation, and housing. In his research about national cultures of sixty countries, Hofstede (1993) revealed that cultur es differ in five key factors namely, individualism/collectivism, spot distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and time orientation.Among these factors, the Chinese have the culture that jimmy clarity and have the kindly of orientation that accent value much(prenominal) as necessity of preparing for the future, the value of thrift and savings, and the merits of persistence. Literatures on different cultures to a fault classify chinaware as high- mount culture which gos to emphasize personal coitions, place value on trust, focus on non-verbal cues, and accent the need to attend to social needs before business matters (Newstrom and Davis 2002). civilization is very important in certain country such as chinaware.Huntinghon (2000) as cited by Fellner (2008) be culture as the values, attitudes, beliefs, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society. He stressed that culture is dynamic, interactive, and synergistic, and intermixes with all the e lements of the society such as business and economic development (Huntinghon 2000 Fellner 2008). Huiping (2009) stated in her bind entitled grounds Chinese culture leads to business success with Chinas growing importee as an economic superpower taking into custody the Chinese psyche becomes very helpful and useful in business negotiations management of supplier relations and many other business situations.As emphasized by Uthaisangchai (n. d. ), Chinese history and culture has impact on the way they do business and each of the many elements of the Chinese culture has a role to play in today Chinese business world. In Hofstedes (1980) theory of individualism-collectivism as cited by J mavins (2009), the individualism and collectivism dimensions differs on the degree a culture is committed to an in-group such as extended family, conjunction or village.In the individualistic society, people are less attached to an in-group (that is, people are more than self-centered and in pursui t of their own self-interests). in the meantime in the collectivist society, people are more attached to an in-group, that is the interests of the in-group come first. J unitarys (2009) also noted from Hofstede and fond regard (1988) that such value of collectivism likely stems from a deep rooted, ingrained culture based on the traditional philosophy of Confucianism. Uthaisangchai (n.d,) gave emphasis of the teachings of Confucius in the development of the culture of Chinese.In the phrase entitled Connecting Confucianism, collectivism and the Chinese gardening of Commerce, Keller and Kronstedt (2005) explained that Confucianism is a very important component of the Chinese culture. In a Confucian society, everyone has a role to play, and the key relationship is built around the family Chinese cultures value family connections and protecting relationships (saving face).ontogenesis family-like relationships takes time and patience, not merely a contractual deal based solely on mon ey. If one has to do business in a Chinese culture, it is critical to understand and respect Confucian values (Keller and Kronstedt 2005). Keller and Kronstedt (2005) further emphasized the significance of connections-Guanxi. In Confusian-based society like China, guanxi or proper connections are more crucial than price, product, place, etc. According to Jones (2009), China is known for being loyal to their in-group and favoring them in business think decision.As stimulaten emphasis by Li (2008) as cited by Jones (2009), understanding the guanxi is critical for conducting business in China and it involves cultivating trust, credibility and reciprocity. One way to understand cultural differences is through the concepts of high-context culture and low-context culture. The spirit of context can be understood as the social environment in which a business trans serve takes place. Edward T. Halls theory of high- and low-context culture explains the powerful effect culture has on commun ication.The countries assort as high-context cultures include China, Korea, Japan, Middle East, Africa, Italy and South America in which people are characterized as collectivists, relational, wistful and intuitive. This implies that the people in these societies put emphasis on good relationship between members of the society. In relation to business transactions, the development of trust is a very important step. Hall (1976) argued that the people in high-context cultures prefer harmony in group and agreement for the achievement of individual members also individuals make decisions based on their feelings or intuition.The theory further emphasized that individuals focus on non-verbal cues, that is, words are not so significant in communication as compared to context rather, more is given emphasis on context which include facial expression, tone of voice of the speaker, posture, gestures, and family history and status of the individual. The communication in the high-context cultur e is depicted as formal and indirect, which suggests that flowery humility, flowery language, and apologies that are often too elaborated are common. Also, communicators in this type of culture do not depend on language precision and legal documents.Meanwhile, the countries sort as having low-context culture include Germany, North America, Finland, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden are linear, logical, action-oriented, and individualistic. Individuals in the low-context countries value facts, logic and they prefer directness. conclusion solutions to problems involves identifying and enumerating all the facts and evaluating each of the options. Also, each decision is based on facts more often each watchword ends with an action. Communicators in this type of culture are anticipated to be concise, straightforward, and efficient in conveying the action that is expected.According to Hall (1976), communicators have to be precise in the words used in communicating to be absolutely un derstood. All negotiations are always concluded with definite contracts. Summing up the differences, on the one hand, high-context cultures tend to emphasize personal relations, place high value on trust, focus on sign-language(a) cues, and accent the need to attend to social needs before business matters. On the other hand, low-context cultures tend to interpret cues more literally. Individuals tend to rely on written rules and legal documents, conduct business first, and value expertise and performance.With these classifications of cultures, it is apparent that when Americans negotiate with Chinese, a failure in negotiation if not a culture is more likely if the former group is not familiar with the latter. As noted by youngster and Lamberton (2010) from an interview with intercultural communication expert ray Ruiz Countries in Latin American and Asia value the building of relationships, but each in their own unique way. Before traveling to another country, I would recommend in formation appropriate materials and speaking with foreign nationals residing in the U.S. in regards to the customs and business practices in their country of origin. I would also suggest that, once in a foreign country, it is important to observe your hosts mannerisms and responses and respectfully respond in a like manner. Be well versed on delicious and unacceptable behaviors. For example, when in Asia, do compliment and share your impressions of their country. Do not decline any food or drink because this is viewed as an insult. In Latin America, do begin all meetings with friendly converse regarding family or other social topics.Do not begin a meeting delving directly into the business objective. The lesson many American business people fail to learn is that it is all in the relationships (Minor Lamberton 2010). In his article Doing Business In and With China The risks are great, but so are the rewards, Atkinson (2004) noted from Stephen Nelson, the partner and co-head of the China practice group for the Hong Kong-based law firm Baker McKenzie, that when acquiring businesses in China, it is important to realize that there are perceived cultural differences.One of the important lessons in making business in China is that foreigners simply cannot enter a venture in China with only a cursory understanding of its terms and conditions. Atkinson (2004) cited an example of a US company that recently decided to make an investment in China by setting up a joint company through its Hong Kong manufacturing agent. The US company sent over $3 million worth of equipment, then came to us with documentation written in Chinese and asked Can you look at this and tell us whether we really own 50 pct of this company? Akgunes et al (2012) identified several points to consider for successful negotiations. According to Zhao (2000) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012), negotiations become successful when the participating parties are cooperative with one another this can be throu gh by applying the cooperative Confucian tactics. Also, for a western company like a US company, such company has to show that they have government support which is an indication that they are reliable, stable and credible to do business with.According to Fang (2006) as noted by Akgunes (2012), trust will lead to much fracture performance and being patient will be more beneficial to you than any other specify you might possess. Bredin (1998) as cited by Akgunes (2012) also suggested that a foreign business negotiator should not give in to pressure from superiors to hurry up and complete the deal because can cause problems because the Chinese are not greatly concerned with the time dimension. There are companies that also failed to successfully negotiate business deals with the Chinese.According to Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes (2012), the most common reason for failure is that the Chinese firm lacks the money to go through with a deal. Also, sending a low-ranking employee to ma ke the negotiation will be viewed as very impolite and the Chinese may find it insulting and insincere, in this case failure is also almost certain. Moreover, it is important to note from Sebenius (2002) as cited by Akgunes (2012) that Chinese law vocalizes that one cannot leave a contract unless both sides approve dissolution.Fang (2006) as cited by Akgunes et al (2012) also emphasized that Failure to say no to a Chinese negotiator who is using a Sun Tzu-like dodging could be negative to the deal, but on the other hand, saying no to a Confucian gentleman could cause a loss of face. This also will be very harmful, if not fatal, to a successful deal. The Chinese have regional areas just like the United States and there are very different cultures, traditions and sometimes languages in these regions.Not acknowledging these regions can cause you to have limited success in one area and a complete failure in another (Fang 2006 Akgunes 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, like what Sun Tzu have utter in his book The Art of War Know your enemy and know yourself and you will win all battles (Sun Tzu 1913). This means that for companies to be successful in making business deals, having the capital is not enough to penny-pinching a business deal. Knowledge and understanding of the culture of the prospect business partner is very important. otherwise than this, Sebenius (2002) emphasized that culturl allegiances are often not as simple as they appear. Designing the right strategy and tactics in reaching the right people, with the right arguments, will result to a sustainable deal. References Fellner, Amira 2008, economic consumption of Culture in Economic Development Case Study of China and Latin America, alum School Theses, University of South Florisa Schoalr Commons, viewed from http//scholarcommons. usf. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1235context=etd Hall, Edward 1976, Beyond Culture.Hofstede, Geert 1993, Cultural Constraints in anxiety Theories, Academy of Mana gement Executive, pp. 81-94. Jones, Gwen 2009, Differences in the Perceptions of Unethical Workplace Behaviors among Chinese and American Business Professionals, Competition Forum, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 473-480. Keller, G. Kronstedt C. 2005, Connecting Confucianism, Communicsm, and the Chinese Culture of Commerce. Journal of Language for International Business, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 60-75. Minor, Leslie Lamberton, Lowell 2010, High-Context Low-Context Cultures, viewed from http//www.cascadebusnews. com/business-tips/networking/154-high-context-a-low-context-cultures. Newstrom, JW. Davis, K. 2002, Organizational BehaviorHuman Behavior at Work, McGraw-Hill Sun Tzu 1913, The Art of War. Uthaisangchai, Prasong (n. d. ), The Importance of Understanding Chinese Culture, viewed form http//www. bangkokbank. com/download/Week%2012%20Culture%20intro. pdf Huiping, Iler 2009, Understanding Chinese Culture Leads to Business Success, Canadian HR Report, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 18.

Suicide is a violation of religious teaching Essay Example for Free

Suicide is a rapine of apparitional commandment EssayNearly all religions across the world would trust that suicide is a sin against matinee idol and that it definitely violates religious teaching. In examining this take care, a good place to start is the Christian view on the sanctity of life.Christians gestate that all are made in the image of God imago dei and that there is an inherent sanctity to human life. Killing is prohibited as part of the Decalogue, where it states, do non kill. This extends to killing yourself. Elsewhere in the Old volition there are other verses that can be used to prove that suicide violates religious teaching, such as in Ecclesiastes 717 where it states, be not foolish, why should you die before your time? Further evidence can be install in the New Testament, where Jesus declares that we are, worth much more than sparrows. To a Christian, life is a loved gift and cannot be thrown away, especially by suicide.Church fathers have generall y been against suicide and they believe that it is a violation of religious teaching. Augustine was one of the first to speak out against it in his book metropolis of God. He wrote that, to kill oneself is a homicide, and he is much guiltier of his own death.Aquinas, another church service father, put send on three arguments on why he believes that suicide is contrary to religious teaching. Firstly, he said it went against rude(a) law. Natural law would state that we should let life end the natural way that God intend it to, and to end it prematurely is sin. Secondly, suicide can have a negative effect on the souls community. Finally, suicide is a sin against God because it is a final act of defiance and it is a fundamental mistrust of God and his providence.On the other hand, certain types of suicide could be considered compatible with religious teaching, such as altruistic suicide. The act of self-sacrifice, or martyrdom, is glorified in many religions. In the sacred scriptur e Jesus says that, greater love has no man than this, than to lay down his life for his friends. An Old Testament example of this is Samson, who killed himself along with the Philistines when he brought down a temple.Furthermore, it could be argued that suicide is not against religious teaching because it is the result of profound mental illness that is not the believers fault. In the past the church has been guilty of viewing physical and mental illness differently. Even today many fundamentalist churches would believe that illnesses such as depression are spiritual battles rather than actual illness and would discourage pack from taking medication. In the light of high profile suicides such as Rick Warrens son Matthew, many Christian leaders are speaking out about the need to view mental illness on the same level as physical illness, and not simply to foresee it a sin. To do otherwise will prevent believers from getting proper treatment and will full increase the likelihood of suicide.To conclude, if one truly believes that God is in control of their life then it would be a violation of their religion to commit suicide. However, it is also the duty of the religious believer to be kind-hearted towards those that are suffering and they should try and tackle the root causes of suicide rather than simply condemning it.

Audience expectations Essay Example for Free

Audience expectations analyzeIn this essay I impart discuss how Arthur Miller set out the first stab of the play, The Crucible to prep atomic number 18 the audience for what the play is almost, and how well he did this. I will look at the dramatic devices, language etc.The play The Crucible has strong links with the USA in the fifties when communism was a problem. The name of the play creates parallels among Salem 1692 and the USA 1950s. A definition of melting pot can be, drilld to extract impurities this is related Salem 1692 because the judges and townsfolk were trying to purify the hamlet from witches whilst Joseph McCarthy was trying to purify the USA of communists. Peoples views and opinions have not changed since the 1600s and people be deceitve scarce one commission is right, communists and witches are both evil and hence should be rid of, this is what miller is trying to portray slightly the world. No-one gets a chance to prove themselves or prove they are g ood and mean no harm. If you are a witch or a communist you are evil and its not acceptable therefore the only thing to do it get rid of them. This is shown in the play by the fact that stacks of people in the village are being accused of witchery, and you die whether you have an excuse or proof that your not a witch, if you admit it you are saved alone have to promise you ask to come back to the lord but if you are truly faithful to the lord such as goody Proctor, you will not falsely admit to being a witch and therefore will be killed.Miller uses dramatic devices in the play The Crucible, one of these devices is dramatic irony. This is when the audience knows something about a certain character but the other characters dont. They are like secrets no one knows apart from the characters involved. This creates latent hostility as it seems as I everyone is hiding something. Miller uses this technique when the audience knows that Proctor and Abigail had an affair but the other char acters are not aware. The audience then gets frustrated because it seems so obvious to them and they want to branch the characters whats leaving on. He as well uses this when the characters dont know that Abigail is lying and the accusations are not real.The audience think it is so simple to realise what is going on because they know there is no such thing a witches. And the audience knows that dramatic irony is a clear device used throughout the play. Exits and entrances are also used in the crucible this is so the characters can have their private conversations like Abigail and Proctor. This creates confusion surrounded by the characters as they all have secrets, this then creates panic of others finding out and this panic can pay off like Abigails panic grew for her being found out to be untruthful. This panic grew and grew until she was confessing random names/accusations. I saw goody Sibber with the devil, I saw fineness Hawkins with the devil, I saw Goody Bibber with the devil, I saw Goody Booth with the devil The audience however would know that Abigail and her friends are making it up because there is no such thing as witches.Another technique is the use of offstage action these are events that are not shown but they are mentioned. This is like the affair between Proctor and Abigail, this happens before the play begins. Also the audience doesnt see the dancing in the forest they only hear about it, they dont see it. This is the driving force behind the story the audience are intrigued by what is going on.At the beginning of the play there is an overture, Miller begins the play by describing the setting and the vista in detail, this is so the audience can see what it is like and will help them understand what is going on in the play.A narrow window on the left the detail is important in linking the beginning with the rest of the play, as later on in the play, Betty uses the window, previously described to attempt to traverse out of, screaming ma ma, and this shows hysteria in the play, it is obvious to the audience that introducing themes of witchery will cause hysteria. Uncle, themes of witchcraft are all about, all the rumours of witchcraft could have calmed down if Abigail hadnt said Betty had fainted, which is a blatant lie because she didnt know Ruth had apparently fainted as well. We did dance uncle, a bad mistake by Abigail, allow Parris know he was right he was right and therefore giving him more to suspect about witchcraft, and when you leapt out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted.

Environmental Ethics Essay Example for Free

Environmental Ethics proveEnvironmental morals f completelys under the discipline of purlieual philosophy that studies how valet cosmoss relate to their intrinsic environs. This is a wide study that involves a variety of other disciplines such as those that study sympathetic relationships, economics, the primers structure and biology especi on the wholey ecology. Hu man beings being the roughly superior of all the living things on earth beget an ethical obligation to the surround concerning the earth, air, water, other organisms and the compassionate macrocosm, twain the present and the forthcoming tense generation. Environmental ethical motive brigs up a variety of ready sexs concerning what, when, how and why we should consider this state of study. Aspects arising include the milieus moral value, how sustainable ar the policies on environmental protection, and how do these guard to the developing nations, and what policies should be put in score to ensur e that the environment is safe guarded for the future generation, among others. M some(prenominal) philosophers through the years earn studied this topic, but it only came to be recognized as an independent discipline in 1970, due to aw are(predicate)ness of effects of increasing human knowledge on the environment.Growing economics and populations, new technologies and development of industries all have had various uncomely effects on character, although aimed at improving life. The works of Rachael Carson, Paul Ehrlich, Aldo Leopold, among others brought round ethical concerns active the environment. Under environmental ethics, human beings have a duty towards the environment, on protection and conservation as well as having a quality life for themselves. In this context, contentious issues arise as to why we should be concerned about the environment.Should it be for us, the living human beings, the future generation, or for the environment itself regardless of our own benefit s? Different personalities qualifying contrastive wait ons to this question hence different views have come up on environmental ethics. The issues of environmental ethics is of growing concern to the government and other institution including United Nations which have come up with incentives to race to value and appreciate nature. Earth Day which is held annually (first held in 1970) continues to create awareness and sensitize people on the value of the environment and why it should be protected.The Moral Standing We can non handle ethics without reference to moral philosophy, which is concerned with various(prenominal) behaviors and conducts. The moral standing depends on what is considered right or uncorrupted and wrong or bad by an individual or a society. For instance, different societies have different views on areas like land and animal ownership, rights of the future generation, and many more. Personal conduct with respect to environmental ethics defines how people sho uld interact with nature, regarding its exploitation and conservation.The moral standing of the ethical issues on environment are wholly placed on human beings as they are the only living things who can flat coat and decide on moral issues. Many of the environmental concerns revolve around man and how these affect him, thence the responsibility of environmental ethics should be solely mans. Responsibility to the environment implies that we are aware of this project, we are able to do it, we are at liberty to do it or non, and carrying out of the task has an effect to others existing in the environment.This means that we know the constipation we can get down to the environment, the effects of this damage and the prevention or solutions to these problems. This infracts us a moral significance in environmental ethics, and gives us a central role. The moral standing because means we have the moral obligation towards nature and the strength to carry out this responsibility. When we consider environmental ethics, then, look at issues such as Should we care about nature for itself while its people who really matter?That is if not for human beings benefit why else should we conserve the environment? And if depleting the earthy resources is necessary for life improvement, why not exhaust it? Is the loss of biodiversity, conclusion of scenic geographical features for human benefit such as in agriculture so destructive to man? Where is the need to conserve a species while it has no chance of survival in the pricy future due to changes in earths patterns? Is it right for a person to own land, it being a natural resource among others, or is it morally wrong?Is it fair that 5% of the human population use 30% of natural resources, while in other less countries the population suffers due to overleap of the basic resources such as food and clean water? Do these resources exist for the benefit of a few or should they be left free for use by all? Is it possibl e for human beings to improve nature, seeing how man seems to have no moderate over nature when it comes to events such as natural calamities? Do recent developments in technology relieve us of our duty of protecting the environment?For instance, does biotechnology with potential to create new species, or bring back an extinct species, relieve us of the duty to conserve the biodiversity? Or motleynative sources of fuel give us a right to sap the natural fuel reserve? Should we let nature take its course as it always has or try and preserve it without assurance that this is of any benefit, or that this only hinders the course of nature? Is there any way that nature can take care of itself without our hand, like self renewal?The main issue surrounding environmental ethics today is the activist movements on environmental protection that focus people on the wrong issues, that is the moral standing is more emotional than factual or logical. The following are essential in discussing environmental ethics and policies. occidental Religion and Culture It has been viewed by some philosophers that the occidental pietism has adversely affected the environment as it teaches that human beings have dominion over the earth and subdue it.Others view this as a command to take care of nature as we have been left in charge. The command given in the bible to the first man be blue-fruited and fill the earth (Genesis 128, Holy Bible KJV) raises the question of population control, is it ethical for the sake of the environment or is it a direct defiance of Gods command? To address this sensitive topic, religion should be understood in context. At the time of the command there was only one man on earth, so he was required to fill it, but now the earth is already alter.Is it logical to still apply the very same principles now as they did then? The culture of a people defines how they relate to and use the environment. Many of the historic events that shape the western culture have had a huge impact on the environment. Events such as the industrial revolution, technological advances and the modern culture have affected the environment. Culture can easily adapt to changing environments, as well as cause permanent change to different environments. The environment is very wide and continuous, while the environment defines cultural practices. therefore it is ethical to put environment before culture, and change current lifestyles towards more nature friendly practices. The future generation Most of the damage to the environment is more likely to affect the future human population. This therefore calls on the currently living humans to consider the rights of those who are not yet born. We might not know exactly what that generation leave behind require but we are well aware of the basic needs of living beings food shelter and basic health. Based on these we can have a model of what the environment should offer the future human beings.Therefore it is our moral obligation to them to utilize nature as much as we need to but ensure that we do not deny them the use of the same. Animals Other animals should be considered when addressing environmental ethics, since they are sentient beings, that is are capable of feeling. Although animals come after humans, they have rights and should be considered according to what they are evoke in, such as feeding, living in their natural habitat, and allowed their existence. public debate about animal rights arises in what animals exactly should we grant rights to.For instance, are insects or other smaller animals in this category? Is it right to use animals for laboratory research for medical and other studies to better our lives? The simple answer to this question is that unless it is extremely necessary, animals should not be put at risk or in adverse conditions. The harm to animals should be justified and be limited to a certain allowable level. Ecofeminism Women are seen to be closer and more in tou ch with nature this is claimed by feminists concerned with the environment (Cochrane, 2007).This is because of their ability to give life, and the fact that the earth is considered female (Shiva, 1993). Thus this gives them a better understanding of nature and how to coexist in harmony. Val Plumwood, an ecofeminist believe, that feminism should go hand in hand with environmentalism as some(prenominal) women and the environment are under the same oppression. Another feminist argues that the problem is in trying to justify this kind of oppression therefore allowing such subordination.When considering environmental ethics and policies, the domination over women and nature is a critical issue that requires attention. economics and Ecology Economics and ecology usually appear as counter forces. Economy involves trying to apportion the limited resources while ecology looks out to protect these resources. The ever-growing human population has placed great compact on nature and thus th eir distribution is highly competitive. Market forces have added more pressure to natural resources and their exploitation.Rapid growth of industries has contributed to environmental deterioration. The follow-benefit considers questions like if nuclear power makes electricity cheaper, should this field be ventured? What is the cost of preserving a forest compared to the cost of exporting timber? These raise challenges when setting up policies on the environment because of the question of cost versus the benefit of environmental ethics. engineering science Technology has had a huge impact on human life as well as on the environment. The effects of technology are both beneficial and adverse.The medical, agricultural, communication and energy industries rely heavily on technology to better human life. Technology has the power to destroy nature as well as replenish it. The technological advances that are most potentially harmful include nuclear technology that is able to annihilate na ture and biotechnology, which has the potential to alter the natural species boundaries. Since all technologies come with potential risks along with their benefits, ethical consideration must be make with regards to the environment. ConclusionIn studying environmental ethics, the first thing is to ask the question what should be do about the current environmental situation and how should it be done? The other consideration is the importance of individual natural resources and how much effort and cost we should dedicate to protecting such. This should be based on facts and not feelings, like and dislikes. It is important that policies be based on an integrated system that has in mind all the components of nature, as well as involvement of the government, institutions and other countries.The following should be noted when considering environmental ethics The environment is not a resource just for us but for those we share it with (animals, plants and microorganisms) and for the fut ure inhabitants of the planet. personality is continuous with continuous flow of energy, but with rapid exhaustion, the environment is not able to renew itself. just about of the artificially made substances are capable of spreading all over the earth out of our control and nature has no way getting rid of them, for example nuclear waste, fluorocarbons, DDT, GMOs, etc. Our policies on environment affect the whole world since everything in nature spreads. We should be sensitive to the needs of other countries oddly the less developed when considering environmental ethics It has to be demonstrated clearly that the policies we put in place concerning the environment have defined benefits for all concerned otherwise the area of environmental ethics will always be viewed with sharp critism. The benefits of conserving the environment should be clearly elucidated and put out for all interested stakeholders.ReferenceConchrane, A.Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Environmental ethics, (London School of economics and Political Science, 2007). Lotter, Don, A History of Western Cultures relationship with Environment, (UC Davis Experimental College, 1990) Sutton, Eugene, An introduction to Cultural Ecology (Berg, 2004) Leefers, Castillo, Ecology and Society Bridging the tornado between Economics and Ecology, (Michigan State University, 1998) Beckman, Ted, Martin Heidegger Environmental Ethics, (Claremont, 2002) Vandeveer, D and C Pierce, The environmental ethics and policy arrest 3rd Edition. (Belmont, 1994)